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| c. 1000 |
| | | The first illustrated manual of surgery is written by Abul Kasim, an Arab physician in Cordoba | |
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| 1062 |
| | | Berber tribesmen, the Almoravids, establish a base at Marrakech from which they conquer northwest Africa and move into Spain | |
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| 1085 |
| | | Toledo is captured from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Castile, who continues the city's traditions of religious tolerance | |
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| 1094 |
| | | Rodrigo Diaz, known as El Cid, drives out the Muslims and wins Valencia | |
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| 1147 |
| | | Seville falls to the Almohads, from north Africa, who make it their Spanish capital | |
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| 1150 |
| | | The merging of Catalonia with Aragon, by marriage, creates a power in northern Spain of comparable strength to Castile | |
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| 1179 |
| | | In a treaty signed at Cazorla, the kings of Castile and Aragon agree on a plan of cooperation against the Muslims | |
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| c. 1180 |
| | | In Cordoba the Muslim philosopher Averroës writes commentaries on Aristotle that are influential throughout medieval Europe | |
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| 1188 |
| | | Representatives of the towns in Léon are summoned to one of the earliest known parliaments | |
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| 1232 |
| | | The kingdom of Granada is established with a Berber noble, Muhammad I, as the first king | |
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